Prompt engineering is the cheapest lever for steering a model before reaching for retrieval or fine-tuning. Effective techniques include giving clear instructions, showing a few worked examples (few-shot), asking for structured output, and prompting step-by-step reasoning for hard problems.
As prompts move into production they need the same rigour as code: versioning, evaluation against test cases, and regression checks when you change a model. Open-source tooling exists for prompt management and systematic evaluation.